Occurrence of hypopituitarism after severe craniocerebral trauma and its predictors / 中华内分泌外科杂志

Objective:To investigate the occurrence and predictors of hypopituitarism after traumatic brain injury (TBI) .Methods:A prospective study was conducted on 185 patients with severe TBI in the Emergency Department of the First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University from Jan. 2020 to May. 2022, of whom 108 were male and 77 were female; age ranged from 18 to 79 years, mean (51.32±9.34) years. Pituitary function was assessed within 3-7 d after the onset of TBI, and the occurrence of hypopituitarism after severe TBI was counted. 41 cases in the hypopituitarism group, 26 males and 15 females, aged (52.76±9.83) years, were divided into the hypopituitarism group (hypopituitarism occurred) and the non-hypopituitarism group (hypopituitarism did not occur) according to whether hypopituitarism occurred. In the non-decompensated group, there were 144 cases, 82 males and 62 females, aged (50.91±9.27) years. The clinical data of the decompensated and non-decompensated groups were compared, and the factors influencing the occurrence of hypopituitarism were analysed, and a logistic prediction model was constructed based on the relevant influencing factors. The value of this model in predicting the occurrence of hypopituitarism after severe TBI was evaluated by using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve.Results:The prevalence of hypopituitarism in the 185 patients with severe TBI in this study was 22.16%; the Glasgow coma scale (GCS) score on admission was lower in the decompensated group than in the non-decompensated group [ (6.36±1.04) vs (7.48±0.59) ], the percentage of hyperbaric oxygen therapy was lower than in the non-decompensated group (21.95% vs 49.31%) , the percentage of intracranial pressure (82.93% vs 49.31%) , midline displacement ≥5 mm (78.05% vs 29.86%) , skull base fracture (34.15% vs. 17.36%) , diffuse cerebral edema (19.51% vs 4.17%) , and serum brain derived neurophic factor (BDNF) . Brain derived neurophic factor (BDNF) was higher than that in the non-reduced group [ (6.35±1.29) ng/ml vs (4.51±1.06) ng/ml], and neuronal-specific enolase (NSE) was higher than that in the non-reduced group [ (33.06±5.42) μg/L vs (23.15±4.97) μg/L]. (4.97) μg/L]. Vascular epithelial growth factor (VEGF) was higher than that in the non-reduced group [ (312.07±24.35) pg/ml vs (226.80±20.96) pg/ml], tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) was higher than that in the non-reduced group [ (281.24±38.91) ng/L vs (186.91) pg/ml], and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) was higher than that in the non-reduced group (186.55±35.72) ng/L (all P<0.05) . Increased intracranial pressure, midline displacement ≥5 mm, diffuse cerebral edema, serum BDNF, NSE, VEGF, and TNF-α levels were all independent risk factors for the development of hypopituitarism after severe TBI, with admission GCS score and hyperbaric oxygen therapy as protective factors ( P<0.05) ; a logistic prediction model was constructed based on the influencing factors as: Logit ( P) = 5.264-0.880×admission GCS score + 1.618×increased intracranial pressure + 1.941×midline displacement ≥5 mm + 1.289×diffuse cerebral edema+1.306×BDNF+1.426×NSE+1.781×VEGF+1.615×TNF-α-0.758×hyperbaric oxygen therapy; the model predicted the occurrence of severe TBI after the area under the curve (AUC) of hypopituitarism was 0.930 (95% CI 0.883-0.962) , with a predictive sensitivity and specificity of 90.24% and 89.19%, respectively. Conclusions:The incidence of hypopituitarism is higher after severe TBI. Increased intracranial pressure, midline displacement ≥5 mm, diffuse cerebral edema, serum BDNF, NSE, VEGF and TNF-α levels are all used as predictors of hypopituitarism.

Brainstem auditory evoked potential combined with high resolution cranial base CT can optimize the diagnosis of auditory nerve injury / 中华创伤杂志(英文版)

PURPOSE@#Auditory nerve injury is one of the most common nerve injury complications of skull base fractures. However, there is currently a lack of auxiliary examination methods for its direct diagnosis. The purpose of this study was to find a more efficient and accurate means of diagnosis for auditory nerve injury.@*METHODS@#Through retrospectively analyzing the results of brainstem auditory evoked potential (BAEP) and high-resolution CT (HRCT) in 37 patients with hearing impairment following trauma from January 1, 2018 to July 31, 2020, the role of the two inspection methods in the diagnosis of auditory nerve injury was studied. Inclusion criteria were patient had a clear history of trauma and unilateral hearing impairment after trauma; while exclusion criteria were: (1) severe patient with a Glasgow coma scale score ≤5 because these patients were classified as severe head injury and admitted to the intensive care unit, (2) patient in the subacute stage admitted 72 h after trauma, and (3) patient with prior hearing impairment before trauma. According to Goodman's classification of hearing impairment, the patients were divided into low/medium/severe injury groups. In addition, patients were divided into HRCT-positive and negative groups for further investigation with their BAEP results. The positive rates of BEAP for each group were observed, and the results were analyzed by Chi-square test (p < 0.05, regarded as statistical difference).@*RESULTS@#A total of 37 patients were included, including 21 males and 16 females. All of them were hospitalized patients with GCS score of 6-15 at the time of admission. The BAEP positive rate in the medium and severe injury group was 100%, which was significantly higher than that in the low injury group (27.27%) (p < 0.01). The rate of BEAP positivity was significantly higher in the HRCT-positive group (20/30, 66.7%) than in the HRCT-negative group (1/7, 14.3%) (p < 0.05). Twenty patients (54.05%) were both positive for BEAP and HRCT test, and considered to have auditory nerve damage. Six patients (16.22%) were both negative for BEAP and HRCT test, and 10 patients (27.03%) were BAEP-negative but HRCT-positive: all the 16 patients were considered as non-neurological injury. The rest 1 case (2.70%) was BAEP-positive but HRCT-negative, which we speculate may have auditory nerve concussion.@*CONCLUSION@#By way of BAEP combining with skull base HRCT, we may improve the accuracy of the diagnosis of auditory nerve injury. Such a diagnostic strategy may be beneficial to guiding treatment plans and evaluating prognosis.

Correlation between the skull base fracture and the incidence of intracranial hemorrhage in patients with traumatic brain injury / 中华创伤杂志(英文版)

PURPOSE@#A head injury (HI) may cause a skull fracture, which may or may not be associated with injury to the brain. In essence, a skull base fracture (SBF) is a linear fracture at the base of the skull. Loss of consciousness and Glasgow coma score (GCS) may vary depending on an associated intracranial pathology. The pathomechanism is believed to be caused by high energy impact directly to the mastoid and supraorbital bone or indirectly from the cranial vault. Aim of this study is to define the correlation between SBF and intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) in patients with HI.@*METHODS@#Analysis of data obtained from a retrospective review of medical records and from a systematized database pertaining to diagnostic criteria of SBF patients based only on clinical symptoms associated with ICH caused by HI treated in the Department of Neurosurgery at Dr. Hasan Sadikin Hospital, Bandung, Indonesia from January 1, 2012 to December 31, 2017. The exclusion criteria included age less than 15 years and no head computed tomography (CT) scan examination provided.@*RESULTS@#A total of 9006 patients were included into this study in which they were divided into 3 groups: group 1, HI with no ICH; group 2, HI with single ICH and group 3, HI with multiple ICH. In all the SBF cases, SBF at anterior fossa accounted for 69.40% of them, which were mostly accompanied with mild HI (64.70%). Severity of HI and site of SBF correlated with the existence of traumatic brain lesions on CT scan, thus these factors were able to predict whether there were traumatic brain lesions or not. Most of the patients with epidural hemorrhage (EDH) has single traumatic lesion on CT scan, whereas most of the patients with cerebral contusion (CC) has multiple traumatic lesions on CT scan. On patients with both traumatic brain injury and SBF, most of the patients with anterior fossa SBF has EDH; whereas most of the patients with middle fossa SBF were accompanied with CC. Surgery was not required for most of the patients with SBF.@*CONCLUSION@#SBFs were strongly correlated with traumatic ICH lesions patients with anterior fossa SBF were more likely to suffer EDH whereas with middle fossa SBF were more likely to suffer CC.

Clinical management of skull base fracture and cerebrospinal fluid leakage by primary surgery in severe craniocerebral trauma / 天津医药

Objective To investigate the technique and outcome of primary management of skull base fracture and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage by emergency surgery in patients with severe craniocerebral trauma. Methods A total of 16 patients with severe brain injury, skull base fracture and CSF leakage hospitalized in Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital from January 2014 to December 2015 were retrospectively analyzed. All of patients underwent emergency surgery to remove the hematoma and repair the skull base fracture, including anterior skull base repair in 12 patients and middle temporal skull base repair in 4 patients. During the surgery, the inner wall of the frontal sinus was managed by electrocautery, then removal of frontal sinus mucosa, hydrogen peroxide and iodophor rinse were used. The repairing and forming of the orbital roof were performed for the severe deformation cases. All bone fractures and fissures were filled with muscle blocks and biological glue and covered with a pedicled muscle flap. In addition, after close suturing of epidural, the intact periosteum under the skin flap was used to tile the skull base. No external material was used in the whole process. Results Among the 16 patients, 14 (87.5%) patients were successfully repaired by emergency surgery, and 2 cases (12.5%) failed. One of the patients who failed to repair the fracture was with the middle skull base fracture, severe fracture of skull base and mastoid, and extensive exposure of mastoid air chamber with large bone mass. This patient failed secondary surgical repair and died with severe infection. Another one case who failed primary surgery was with severe bone fractures in the anterior, middle and posterior skull base, which could not be completely repaired. This patient was also combined with infection and dead ultimately. Conclusion Primary repair in patient with severe head injury combined with skull base fracture, which needs surgical intervention can reduce further injury and save the patient's life. The key to the operation is to determine the operative principle and to repair the skull base tightly.

Unidad de ACV en el Hospital de Clínicas: comportamiento clínico-epidemiológico de los pacientes con ACV (2007-2012) / Stroke Unit at the Hospital de Clínicas: clinical-epidemiological behavior in patients with stroke (2007-2012)

Introducción: El ataque cerebrovascular (ACV) es una importante causa de mortalidad, discapacidad y demencia en el mundo y en nuestro país. Provoca un gran impacto económico ya sea por gastos directos o indirectos. Objetivos: Describir aspectos clínicos, factores de riesgo e indicadores que permiten un adecuado manejo del ACV en su tratamiento agudo. Material y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y prospectivo de los ACV ingresados en el Hospital de Clínicas, entre 2007 y 2012 aplicando un protocolo con escalas clínicas, etiopatogénicas y funcionales, con test estadísticos adecuados. Resultados: Se protocolizaron 784 pacientes: 75% infartos, 16% hemorragias y 9% AIT. La HTA fue el factor de riesgo más frecuente. Un tercio llegó a puerta antes de las 4,5 h. En infartos y AIT se disminuyeron los días de internación y se mejoró la funcionalidad a 6 meses. Conclusiones: La formación de equipos entrenados en el diagnóstico y tratamiento del ACV disminuyeron el tiempo de internación y mejoraron la funcionalidad de estos pacientes.

Introduction: The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) fistula is defined as the abnormal leak of fluid from the skull to outside the body through an osteomeningeal gap, which allows the passage of organisms to the intra-cranial space, with the risk of infection, potentially life-threatening. Divided as traumatic and non-traumatic, the condition is relatively common, and poses great challenges to neurosurgeons. Objective: to present the first case of post-traumatic CSF fistula in Uruguay, assessed with cistern MRI with diagnostic purposes. Case report: the case described is that of a patient that received treatment at the University Hospital (Hospital de Clínicas). The case is used to illustrate the condition and review the latest controversial issues involved in the algorithms for the diagnosis and therapy of the condition. Discussion: the main controversial issues found included the following: when to start prophylactic antibiotic (ATB) therapy following diagnosis; imaging tests requested for diagnosis, and type of therapy prescribed. Conclusions: The review of literature leads us to conclude that a correct diagnosis requires the routine use of CT and MRI; if doubts persist, cistern MRI, endoscopy, or cistern CT are indicated. With regards the therapeutic algorithm, we conclude that therapy should be conservative, applying medical therapy for two to four weeks; surgery will be prescribed if the fistula persists after that. Antibiotic therapy is an option and not a recommendation.

Fístula de líquido cefalorraquídeo postraumática: propuesta de algoritmo diagnóstico y terapéutico / Post-traumatic cerebrospinal fluid fistula: proposal of diagnostic and therapeutic algorithm

Introducción: la fístula de líquido céfalorraquídeo (LCR) se define como la salida anormal de líquido desde el cráneo al exterior a través de una brecha osteomeníngea, constituyendo una puerta de entrada de gérmenes al endocráneo y sus espacios con potencial riesgo infeccioso y en ocasiones vital. Es una patología relativamente frecuente, la cual clásicamente se divide en fístulas traumáticas y no traumáticas, siendo un gran desafío para el neurocirujano su resolución. Objetivo: presentar el primer caso de fístula de LCR postraumática en Uruguay, estudiado con cisterno-RNM, como método diagnostico. Caso clínico: se presenta el caso clínico de un paciente asistido en el Hospital de Clínicas. A través de este caso clínico ilustrativo, se busca realizar una puesta al día con respecto a los principales puntos de controversia, en vistas a plantear un algoritmo diagnostico y terapéutico. Discusión: encontramos como principales puntos de controversia: el comienzo de tratamiento (tto) antibiótico (ATB) profiláctico una vez realizado el diagnostico; que estudios paraclínicos imagenológicos son necesarios para el diagnostico, y, el tipo de tratamiento indicado. Conclusiones: de la bibliografía analizada, podemos concluir, que para un correcto diagnostico, se deben solicitar de rutina TC y RMN, y, si hay dudas: cisterno-RNM, endoscopía, o cisterno-TC. En cuanto al algoritmo terapéutico, concluimos que se debe realizar tratamiento conservador, con tratamiento medico por dos a cuatro semanas, y, si persiste fístula se debe indicar tratamiento quirúrgico. El tto. ATB es una opción y no una recomendación.

Introduction: the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) fistula is defined as the abnormal leak of fluid from the skull to outside the body through an osteomeningeal gap, which allows the passage of organisms to the intra-cranial space, with the risk of infection, potentially life-threatening. Divided as traumatic and non-traumatic, the condition is relatively common, and poses great challenges to neurosurgeons. Objective: to present the first case of post-traumatic CSF fistula in Uruguay, assessed with cistern MRI with diagnostic purposes. Case report: the case described is that of a patient that received treatment at the University Hospital (Hospital de Clínicas). The case is used to illustrate the condition and review the latest controversial issues involved in the algorithms for the diagnosis and therapy of the condition. Discussion: the main controversial issues found included the following: when to start prophylactic antibiotic (ATB) therapy following diagnosis; imaging tests requested for diagnosis, and type of therapy prescribed. Conclusions: the review of literature leads us to conclude that a correct diagnosis requires the routine use of CT and MRI; if doubts persist, cistern MRI, endoscopy, or cistern CT are indicated. With regards the therapeutic algorithm, we conclude that therapy should be conservative, applying medical therapy for two to four weeks; surgery will be prescribed if the fistula persists after that. Antibiotic therapy is an option and not a recommendation.

Delayed Onset Pneumo-hydrocephalus Caused by Traumatic Skull Base Fracture: A case report

Pneumocephalus is defined as the presence of air or gas within the cranial cavity. It is usually associated with disruption of the continuity of the skull after head and facial trauma, neuro or otorhinolaryngologic surgery, and rarely, spontaneously. But a case of pneumo-hydrocephlus, a special subtype of pneumocephalus, has been rarely reported. This is a case of a 26-year-old quadriplegic patient who traumatic brain injury with left frontoparietal skull bone fracture and epidural hemorrhage with developed of pneumo-hydrocepahlus in the ventricle 6 months after injury. The mechanism of this case can be explained by the "inverted bottle" hypothesis. Clinical observation suggests that the leakage of cerebrospinal fluid through the ventricle-peritoneal shunt tube caused negative pressure gradient differences resulting in the inflow of outside air into the ventricle through fissures created by concealed fracture of the skull base.

A Case of Traumatic Bilateral Abducens Nerve Palsy Associated with Skull Base Fracture

Traumatic bilateral abducens nerve palsy is rare and is associated with intracranial, skull and cervical spine injuries. We report a case of bilateral abducens nerve palsy in a 40-month-old patient with a skull base fracture. The injury mechanism was associated with direct nerve injury caused by a right petrous bone fracture and indirect injury by frontal impact on the abducens nerve at the point of fixation to the petrous portion and Dorello`s canal. The emergency physician should be aware of injuries and the mechanism of abducens nerve palsy in head trauma.

Traumatic Blindness Due to Injury of Internal Carotid Artery Associated with Craniomaxillofacial Fracture

A case of traumatic internal carotid artery injury associated with skull base fracture, Le Fort II fracture and mandible fracture after maxillofacial blunt trauma which resulted in delayed blindness is presented. This condition would appear to be a rare consquence of maxillofacial trauma. Internal carotid artery injury including dissection is an important consequence of blunt craniomaxillofacial trauma with potentially devastating consquences. It should be emphasized that skull base fracture involving the course of the internal carotid artery provides an important clue to significant vascular injury and, when present, provides the impetus for vascular imaging study.